Archive for the ‘Drugs’ Category

Peter Reynolds and the MPs who Weren’t

Friday, January 20th, 2012

The response to my earlier blogposts on Peter Reynolds has been spectacular, really. Over 400 unique people have read the homophobia article, and 450 unique people have read about the Home Affairs Committee Inquiry that doesn’t exist. The response has been mainly positive, but there has been a persistent, and frankly, deluded trail of commenters who keep telling me and others that pointing out that Peter Reynolds is homophobic is a “distraction”, and “isn’t relevant”, that we need to “stay focussed” on the campaign and that Peter is “a damn good campaigner”.

6730168047 47b20bbae9 Peter Reynolds and the MPs who Werent

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Are There are More Interesting Statistics Than Medical Marijuana?

Monday, November 7th, 2011

Discount Medical Marijuana   2 Are There are More Interesting Statistics Than Medical Marijuana?

As medical marijuana laws are passed across the world, it is going to become steadily more obvious that the average pound of cannabis dispensed every day per dispensary is not all for chronic illnesses.

Many cannabis campaigners like to throw around the fact that 15 out of 50 states have medical marijuana laws. However, as a friend pointed out to me, “To me, that simply means that 35 American states don’t have medical marijuana.” It’s not, on the face of it, an incredible statistic except to people who genuinely think cannabis will drive you crazy and the government is mandated to execute people found using it. There’s much more impressive stats out there. Let’s consider the math:
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Who are Re:Vision Drug Policy Manchester?

Tuesday, April 5th, 2011

Originally published in Student Direct.

Re:Vision Drug Policy Manchester is a student society that is now in its third year – we were previously known as Manchester Students for Sensible Drug Policy, but are now affiliated to the Re:Vision Drug Policy Network. We campaign for effective drug policy based in human rights and scientific evidence, rather than moralism and political expediency.

5579631730 2ce0c3415b Who are Re:Vision Drug Policy Manchester?

Re:Vision march for the alternative.

Re:Vision Manchester activists believe that the current drug laws are harmful rather than helpful, that drugs should be treated as a health issue rather than a criminal justice matter, and that the drug war criminalises and penalises innocent people, and their communities. In a time of cuts to public services, it is outrageous that the UK spends £13billion a year on trying to prevent people from using drugs. This has had little effect – since heroin was banned in 1971, use has risen by 1000%. Hysterical media reports result in bad laws hastily enacted: mephedrone was banned in 2010 because of tenuous links to the deaths of two teenagers who had taken mephedrone while drinking heavily. The autopsy subsequently deemed that mephedrone had not been responsible for their deaths, and the price of mephedrone has since doubled and is now being primarily sold by criminal gangs instead of recreational users – resulting in another drug in the hands of organised crime whose impurities compromise the health of its users far more than the actual drug itself.

5512648689 0507e08b53 Who are Re:Vision Drug Policy Manchester?

Protesting against racism outside Moss Side Police Station.

As young people in whose name the drug war is often waged, and who are most often the targets of unfair, selectively enforced laws which do little to prevent harm from drugs, and in many cases increase it, it is vital that we speak out against this and do what we can to promote effective drug policies free from polical bias. A lot of the effort to bring about meaningful drug laws that are based in evidence rather than media headlines is to change the framework of the debate about drugs and how they should be treated. To this end, we raise awareness of our cause through protests, stalls, film showings, informative talks, social events and anything else we can think of – this term, we are producing a comedic film about drugs and attitudes to drugs, which will be released in September 2011. Because drug law reform can only be achieved nationally, we also support the national organisation by contributing to national projects, such as research, website development, and making publicity materials.

5513228666 d328b5c63a Who are Re:Vision Drug Policy Manchester?

Making a nice banner.

There are many different faces of drug law reform, and so we focus to a large extent on what our membership for that year wishes to do. Because we have a lot of people interested in music, we have held a stall at the last five Pangaeas, and will be at the one in June as well. We have people from virtually every course, including Physics, Theology, Philosophy, Neuroscience, Maths and History. There is no typical Re:Vision Manchester activist, we are men, women, gay, straight, humanities, eps, and everything in between and beyond. You can smoke weed every day or believe that taking drugs is wrong – the important thing is that you believe that our current drug laws harm, rather than help, people.

5500307173 05fda340df Who are Re:Vision Drug Policy Manchester?

Re:Vision Drug Policy Manchester activists.

There is virtually no group in Manchester that we cannot run a joint event with. We have done stuff with Openmedia, the Film Society, the LGBT Society, the Roscoe Occupation, the Disabled Action Network, Cool Runnings, the Drum and Bass Society, RAG, and Manchester Debating Union. If you don’t believe us, try us. :P

We meet every Thursday at 6pm in the union foyer and have an ace meeting to plan everything that we get up to. If you would like to get involved but aren’t a Manchester student, or shortly won’t be, no fear! Check out our informative website at revisiondrugs.org and contact us to see what you can do for drug law reform.

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Mephedrone 101 – Common Questions and Answers

Wednesday, November 17th, 2010

I get a reasonable amount of search engine traffic to my blog, and one of the most popular cluster of search terms that people search for is on mephedrone (the others being: cool charities, homosexuality and Bah’ai, homosexuality and Sikhism, Christopher Hitchens, and an endless variety of angsty questions about police raids.) None of the articles in which I have referred to mephedrone have really dealt with the issues that people were looking for, so I thought I would be quite helpful and post some of the more common questions with their common answers. :)

4mmc Mephedrone 101   Common Questions and Answers

Impounded illegal mephedrone

Can you still buy mephedrone online?

No, you cannot buy mephedrone online. The reason it used to be so easy to get hold of was because it was legal to manufacture, sell and possess. Mephedrone is illegal now in most Western countries, and consequently all websites that used to sell it openly have been shut down or are “down for maintenance”.

What shops sell mephedrone? Where can I buy mephedrone in Manchester or the UK?

No shop in the Western world will openly sell mephedrone. Mephedrone is now in the same class of illegal drugs as MDMA, cannabis, and ketamine, and is therefore obtained through the same channels.

How is mephedrone made? How was mephedrone produced?

The chemical details are here, but I suspect the latter question referred to the supply chain involved. Essentially factories in Asian countries, but particularly China, will produce any research chemical in industrial quantities on demand. As mephedrone was legal and had a phenomenal mark-up with no ramifications, certain entrepreneurial souls started up wholesaler websites and let people know they were around. And it went from there. You can read more about a dealer’s perspective here.

How much mephedrone should you take? What is the dosage of mephedrone? How can you increase the high of mephedrone?

Erowid has the answers to correct dosage and usage in its vault entry for mephedrone.

Is mephedrone MDMA? Can you turn mephedrone into MDMA? Can you buy mephedrone and get MDMA instead?

Mephedrone and MDMA are two closely related but completely different drugs. Mephedrone’s effects are less intense than that of MDMA, shorter-acting, and usage patterns tend to be similar to people who use ketamine or cannabis than LSD or heroin (i.e. smaller, more frequent hits that you can control, over drugs that once you take them, you are high until you come back down again). I am no chemist, but as far as I am aware, you cannot synthesise mephedrone into MDMA or vice versa. MDMA is in considerably higher demand than mephedrone and has a much higher profit margin, so the likelihood that you can buy mephedrone and actually be sold MDMA of any significant quality is pretty low.

Is mephedrone safe? Does mephedrone harm you? What is mephedrone being cut with? How does mephedrone kill you? Haven’t people died using mephedrone?

Taking pure mephedrone won’t kill you if you use it sensibly, but I wouldn’t say it was “safe”, no. It’s kinda hard to tell what the long-term health effects of mephedrone actually are because the government went and banned it before anyone could do any substantive research on the drug, but from what I’ve read, it appears to be corrosive. One user told a Guardian journalist that he left a spoon in a bag of mephedrone for 72 hours and when he came back, the spoon had been partially dissolved. So if you take a lot over a long period of time, your sinuses, oesophagus and lungs will not be very happy.

However, mephedrone doesn’t kill you in itself – like all stimulants, if you have pre-existing heart conditions, take a massive dose, or don’t take care of yourself while high by monitoring your water intake and body temperature, then you may well end up with serious health problems, be they heart attacks, heatstroke, dehydration, or anything else. This is not the fault of the drug. Almost all deaths that have been linked to mephedrone have involved polydrug use: i.e. mephedrone and alcohol, mephedrone and cocaine, etc. If you ingest two separate drugs, they will interact in ways that may be be better or worse for you (for example, MDMA and LSD apparently produces a trip that is signicantly intenser and more euphoric than either drug on its own – but cocaine and alcohol combine in your stomach to create a different drug which is potentially lethal) – if you are going to use drugs, do your research first and stay safe.

What other legal highs are there after mephedrone? What drugs are similar to mephedrone? What about ivory wave and mephedrone?

A number of legal research chemicals have been available online since mephedrone was banned, notably NRG-1 and ivory wave, but none has really taken hold – when drugs are still predominantly being referred to by their chemical names rather than their street names, only the psychonauts and the adventurous are really using them.

Mephedrone is not the same as ivory wave, NRG-1, or MDAT. No-one really knows what ivory wave is at the moment, because it hasn’t become widely available enough yet to be subject to proper sampling. However, a lot of ivory wave seems to contain MDPV, a cathinone that is similar to mephedrone but not quite. Ivory wave is currently legal, but doesn’t sound very nice on the system.

Mephedrone is a cathinone, so chemically it is similar to methylone, methadrone, and MDPV, which hold varying legality across the world. But to be honest, if you’re looking for a stimulant that’s similar to mephedrone and has decades of research into its long-term effects and safer usage, MDMA is going to be much healthier for you than unknown research chemicals.

500px Map of european countries where mephedrone is illegal.svg Mephedrone 101   Common Questions and Answers

Map of Europe showing countries where mephedrone is illegal, correct as of August 2010

Random search terms:

uk mephedrone post ban
– You can still get it in Britain, it’s just now £20 a gram and not very safe.

mephedrone class uk law
- In the UK, mephedrone is currently a Class B drug. Personal possession of mephedrone could get you three months in prison or a £2500 fine, and supply is six months in prison or a £5000 fine.

structure of mephedrone
- The chemical structure and synthesis of mephedrone is available on Wikipedia here. Here is an image:

Mephedrone 2D skeletal Mephedrone 101   Common Questions and Answers

Chemical Structure of Mephedrone

mephedrone precursor
- The main precursor to mephedrone is 4-methylpropiophenone, which as far as I am aware is still legal.

what was mephedrone designed for
- The drug was actually first synthesised in 1929, but rediscovered in 2003 by chemists looking to manufacture a “designer drug” that could get round existing drugs legislation. I’m not sure where the “plant food” thing came from. If you put mephedrone on your plants, they will die.

where has all the mephedrone gone?
- The majority of mephedrone production was in China; when mephedrone became incredibly popular, the Chinese government cracked down on the production of one of the precursors of mephedrone, and consequently the industrial quantities of mephedrone that used to float around have now disappeared. Because mephedrone is now illegal in much of the Western world, its production and supply has gone the way of other illegal drugs and it is consequently not being openly waved around in bags at house parties anymore.

which is more harmful mephedrone or cocaine
- We cannot know that until a lot more research is done into mephedrone, its long-term effects and its social harms. Chemically, mephedrone is probably worse for your body, but mephedrone has never induced the levels of aggressiveness and violence that cocaine produces in its users. We await more data.

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What is the Purpose of Drug Policy? Some Data (and Some Analysis!)

Wednesday, October 20th, 2010

Last week, I was at Lancaster University to help give a talk on drug policy to a group of third year criminology students taught by Fiona Measham. One of the things that we did was to hand out pieces of paper and ask the lecture theatre if they could define the purpose of drug policy. The responses we got were broad and revealing, I feel.

There were two main responses, which were evenly matched in numbers. The first was “the purpose of drug policy is to prevent harm”, which is excellent. The whole raison d’etre of Re:Vision Drug Policy Network is of course to promote harm reduction as the main purpose of drug policy, so it is good to know that there’s a receptive audience already out there on campuses.

The second main response, however, “the purpose of drug policy is to prevent harm, so they should be banned to keep people away from drugs.” Obviously I totally agree with the first part of that statement. But the corollary is what is assumed by mainstream public discourse to be the logical next step – and that just doesn’t follow. What is a law? It’s a socially accepted convention that we obey that regulates our community. Banning a drug doesn’t stop anyone taking them, any more than banning murder prevents people killing other people. However, we ban murder to prevent harm to others and we enforce these laws; supposedly we ban drugs to prevent harm to ourselves. It’s important to remember that just by saying something is illegal doesn’t stop people doing it – if they weren’t doing it there wouldn’t be a law against it (there’s no law against dragon-hunting, for example). But everybody’s crime is nobody’s crime: up to a third of the UK population have taken an illegal substance. Is it it really a workable law when so many people are taking drugs (up to one million people take MDMA every week) and are neither punished, nor harmed (so 52 million MDMA trips, 10 deaths – it really is safer for you than horse-riding)? One has therefore to consider what harms are done by drugs and whether those harms are reduced by the fact that drugs are criminalised or not. I won’t go into the details here, but The Transform Drug Policy Foundation has an extensive briefing vault demonstrating that the dangers of drugs are enhanced by prohibition rather than helped, through associated violence, health implications, and the fact that people in trouble won’t engage with public services because they’re afraid of being arrested. Drugs can be dangerous, but so can sky-diving. We don’t ban sky-diving, we regulate it. Maybe we should do the same with drugs.

Another big response was that the purpose of drug policy was “to inform people about drugs and enable them to make their own choices” and “to encourage people to use drugs sensibly, including alcohol”. Clearly a lot of people were very concerned about the government’s role in educating people about drugs. It’s an interesting point, because the government does run education campaigns now, but which are rarely focussed on giving people information about drugs instead of trying to scare people entirely (Talk to Frank being a good example of this). Given the success of some public information campaigns in the past (everyone knows about their five-a-day), it is clear that the government could play a much bigger role. An unanswered question that remains from this particular response, is if illegal drugs should remain criminalised if people are being left to make their own informed choices.

A significant number of people also wrote simply that the purpose of drug policy was “to control drugs”. That’s a pretty loaded statement: how do you control drugs? What drugs do you control (e.g. why is aspirin legal and LSD isn’t?) What are your criteria for controlling them? How do you enforce those decisions? Controlling drugs isn’t so much a purpose as such, more a method by which the purpose of drug policy can be carried out. You can control drugs by banning them completely, or making them available in Boots; legalisation is as much a method of controlling drugs as criminalising their use. People who wrote this should really think about what they meant by that.

There were some interesting individual responses as well. Many thanks to the person who told us that the purpose of drug policy was “hello”, but a non-alcoholic beverage to the student who wrote that the purpose of drug policy is “to keep us safe“. I couldn’t agree more. Another student in the same vein wrote that we should “prevent overdosing by illegalising more drugs”: it is sadly a fact that most overdoses are a direct result of drugs being prohibited, because criminals cut the drugs they sell with anything from talcum powder to concrete dust, and purity levels vary so widely it’s impossible to be sure what you’re taking and whether it is safe or not.

Someone also wrote that the purpose of drug policy is to “prevent criminal activity” – I’m not sure what was meant by that. If they meant “prevent people from taking drugs”, then given that heroin use has risen by 1000% since it was banned in 1971, I can only suggest that’s a futile hope. If by criminal activity, they meant all the gang activity, violence, homicide and trafficking that goes on, that’s easy to end: just control and regulate all drugs, legally. In the 1930s, America tried to ban alcohol, and the mafia was born. When alcohol was finally legalised twenty years later, the mafia lost much of their income and influence overnight. Regulation deals with criminal activity, full stop.

There were also some response that I can only describe as, “interesting”. One person wrote that by reducing illegal drug use, we could “stop unemployment”. I fear the student who wrote that the purpose of drug policy was “to control society’s view and attitude towards drugs” has a future as a spin-doctor ahead of them. An interesting perspective came from a student who called for alcohol to be banned entirely because of its association with violent crime; I suppose it is a consistent view at least. And finally, one student said that the purpose of drug policy was “to protect people and ensure that other services such as the NHS aren’t overcrowded unnecessarily.” A true citizen. :)

The session produced some interesting discussion afterwards and I really enjoyed it. I think that what has really come out of this though is that even with a class there is a massive range of opinions that simply aren’t being heard or considered by those in charge of actually writing and setting our drug policy. It really is time to have that discussion.

Further Reading

* Transform Drug Policy Foundation
* In 2001, Portugal decriminalised all drugs for personal use. The Cato Institute, an American think-tank, produced a report in 2007 that discovered that health problems in Portugal relating to drug use had actually fallen. Read it here.

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1784: The Year Prohibition Ended

Monday, October 11th, 2010

TeaCaddyMahogany1790s 1784: The Year Prohibition Ended

In the late seventeenth century, a new substance was brought back from the edges of the British empire. Sociable, pleasant and healthier than tobacco, it spread first among the aristocracy, but eventually became popular with the masses, to such an extent that, although the government tried to stamp out its consumption, a massive international smuggling operation grew up around it, importing several million pounds of the stuff to supply the demands of the great British public. Only in 1784, after criminal gangs had set up their bloody fiefdoms to run rings around the government, did Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger relent and institute a proper system of control and regulation that made supplies cheap, pure and accessible to all.

I refer, of course, to tea. Many of you were probably thinking of opium, but the major smuggling network of the eighteenth century in England was centred around tea. Why? Because it was difficult to get hold of legally. Starting from 1689, high taxes were imposed on tea, starting at 25 pence in the pound and eventually reaching 119 pence. It was a bad move for the government, not least because it led to the American Revolution (the Boston Tea Party being a revolt against the high taxation of tea). But it also led to a shrinking of the market in legal tea as vendors used the illicit tea trade to offset their losses by buying illegal tea and selling it on the legal market – because tea largely looks like tea, whether taxed or not.

Gunsgreen House   geograph.org.uk   212238 1784: The Year Prohibition Ended

Up until the 1760s, the main dealers in illegal tea were small-time vendors, supplying small amounts with help of sympathetic local residents. Britain did a rather nice line in smuggling, which was a significant industry in rural England for nearly 200 hundred years in order to evade the high excise taxes imposed by a government fighting highly expensive wars against, well, everyone. Tea was added to the list of products that everyone wanted, including wool, alcohol and tobacco, but which few were able to afford. The fact that tea had to be smuggled in from the coasts also meant that the more rural population of the UK was introduced to what had hitherto been a cosmopolitan aspiration.

It is interesting to note that for twenty years prior to the smuggling explosion, the existence of tax-free tea had little effect on the legal trade. It was only as customs imposed higher and higher taxes that people began to look elsewhere for their tea. One might consider that tobacco is in something of the same boat today.

Where there is a criminal element, there is violence. As early as 1747 the Hawkeshurst gang in Poole attacked a customs house killing the customs officials and taking back the tea that had been confiscated from them. By the 1770s, however, the trade had expanded dramatically, and less scrupulous “investors” had discovered the lucrative illegal tea trade. Heavily armed ships carrying tax-free tea and spirits began to appear off British coasts. Indeed, “the illicit tea trade had achieved a system unexampled in the checkered history of smuggling.” (Hoh-Cheung and Mui, pg 58.)

Smuggle1 1784: The Year Prohibition Ended

In 1784, the East India Company and the London tea traders, unable to compete with the black market, had had enough and petitioned Prime Minister Pitt to reduce the tax on tea. The Commutation Act 1784 was passed, reducing the tax on tea from 119% to just 12.5%. With legal tea suddenly much more affordable, and quality much higher, the smuggling trade was virtually stopped overnight.

I’m sure you can see what I am getting at here. What the effective Prohibition of tea in the eighteenth century can teach us today is that if people want to consume a drug, it will be supplied. Even if that drug is legal, but authorities seek to make it unavailable, resourceful citizens will find a way. One wonders what will happen if Manchester City Council has its way and introduces minimum alcohol pricing – because I’m willing to bet on enterprising syndicates, of both local neighbourhood and criminal gang types, getting together to avoid the charge.

However, the history of the illicit tea trade is not entirely ominous. Hoh-Cheung and Mui argue, “What appeared from the viewpoint of the law to be frauds, abuses, and evasions, might also be regarded as innovations promoting the international and domestic trade of the kingdom, which, in turn, contributed to the growth of the British economy in the latter part of the eighteenth century.” But how much of that growth did the taxman see? Eventually the government woke up to the fact that people wanted to drink tea but weren’t prepared to pay through the nose for it. In 1784, the Prohibition of tea ended – how much longer until the current government realises you can’t legislate drugs out of existence?

5010218990 893581d834 1784: The Year Prohibition Ended

For further reading on the illicit tea trade, try reading Smuggling and the British Tea Trade before 1784 by Hoh-Cheung and Lorna H. Mui.

Or visit the UK Tea Council, who have lots of interesting information on the history of tea.

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“The Chemists are Winning”: The Rise of Mephedrone and Legal Highs

Monday, October 4th, 2010

Originally written for Student Direct.

In April 2010, after a media storm, the British government passed legislation to classify mephedrone as a Class B drug. Mephedrone is a stimulant somewhat similar in effects to MDMA and cocaine, and is chemically based on cathinones found in the African stimulant Khat, but which was sufficiently chemically different to not have been previously included under the Misuse of Drugs Act, which regulated drugs in the UK. The drug was actually first synthesised in 1929, but rediscovered in 2003 by chemists looking to manufacture a “designer drug” that could get round existing drugs legislation.

Mephedrone 2D skeletal The Chemists are Winning: The Rise of Mephedrone and Legal Highs

Chemical Structure of Mephedrone

Mephedrone first started hitting the news in late 2009, but the scare-mongering grew and by early 2010, the papers were full of tales of people who had allegedly become addicted to the drug, with The Sun even publishing a story detailing how a man had ripped off his own scrotum under the influence of mephedrone (which later turned out to have been an internet hoax taken seriously). The General Secretary of the National Association of Head Teachers called for a ban after two teenagers in Scunthorpe died after allegedly taking the drug. After the ban, the coroners’ report for the two discovered that neither had taken mephedrone and they had, in fact, been out drinking alcohol the night they died, and subsequent studies have determined that, of the dozens of deaths “linked” to mephedrone worldwide, only two have ever been conclusively proven to have actually involved mephedrone as a cause of death – but the media wasn’t going to let facts get in the way of a campaign against this “deadly killer”.

What with all free publicity for mephedrone and so many stories reporting how fun and cheap it was, use soared. It suddenly became very hard to not buy mephedrone. One Students for Sensible Drug Policy activist visited a headshop in three different occasions in the first half of 2010 and was offered “Meow-meow” every time, whether she was looking for stimulants, psychedelics or even just rolling papers. Mephedrone was available at every house party and headshop and accessible from just about any house with an internet connection. You could buy anything up to 20 grammes at a time from online sellers, giving you a bulk buy price of £4 a gramme. Purity was high, and dosage cheap. However in April 2010, despite the misgivings of several advisors of the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs, including its former chair, Professor David Nutt, who protested that mephedrone and its effects were unresearched and a much longer timeframe was needed to investigate it, Alan Johnson, the Home Secretary, made it illegal, claiming, “Mephedrone and its related substances have been shown to be dangerous and harmful”.

4mmc The Chemists are Winning: The Rise of Mephedrone and Legal Highs

Impounded illegal mephedrone

Neil Harvey, a community sergeant in Exeter, welcomed the ban, saying: “Use of the drug has been on the increase locally, as well as nationally, and we are aware of young people using it and the consequences of that. We are also aware of how easy it is to buy from shops and once the ban is formalised they must immediately stop selling it or we will prosecute as soon as it becomes law. … The law is going to prevent young people coming to harm and that can only be a good thing. We are always concerned that something might come along to replace it and we would need to be quick dealing with that if it happens. We have been very lucky so far in Exeter that no-one has been killed. But it has been luck. It is not designed for human consumption and anyone using it is taking a big risk with their health and safety.”

After mephedrone was banned, use did indeed drop among recreational drug users. One said, “Mephedrone was alright, but its advantage was that it was legal and you didn’t have any of the difficulties of supply and waiting around on dealers that you get with MDMA or ketamine. People just turned up with it at house parties and were very open about it. I know a lot of my friends who weren’t comfortable with taking illegal drugs were thrilled to get an MDMA-like experience that was cheap as well. Now it’s illegal, they’ve all stopped. I’ve largely stopped taking it as well. MDMA is far better when you can get hold of it.”

You can, of course, still buy mephedrone in Manchester, though the price has gone up to £20 a gram from £10 when it was legal. However, purity has dropped significantly since control of the supply has shifted from people buying it off wholesalers on the internet and into the hands of people who have a financial incentive to cut it with anything from talcum powder to concrete dust. So you can still take mephedrone if you have the cash, it’s just now more dangerous. James Jackson, Education Officer for Manchester Students for Sensible Drug Policy, a UMSU society, said, “Most recreational drug users don’t stop taking drugs because they’re illegal or because they are potentially harmful. We have to accept this. But they do try to take substances that they know are safe or that are safer than other drugs available. People want to get high, they don’t want to die or end up in hospital. That the government has made mephedrone illegal has actually endangered the health of drug users, because now no-one really knows whether the the stuff being sold as mephedrone is actually the drug they wanted.”

1400553827 ab0daaec7d The Chemists are Winning: The Rise of Mephedrone and Legal Highs

A leaf from a Sassafras tree.

People also forget why mephedrone suddenly became popular so quickly: more than the price, mephedrone’s perceived purity was much higher than other available street drugs and that appealed to users – no-one chooses to take worming powder, after all. Cocaine purity had fallen from 60% in 1999 to 22% in 2009; people were literally getting less bang for their buck. More significantly, 33 tonnes of sassafras oil, the precursor to MDMA and a vital ingredient, was seized in Cambodia in June 2008. It has been estimated that it could have been used to make 245 million doses of MDMA. Such tightening of controls on sassafras oil and other substances meant that purity tests in mid-2010 have revealed that virtually no pills seized by the police contain MDMA at all – and 20% of pills seized since 2009 contain mephedrone. Market forces drove people to mephedrone, and when the cost and the convenience became too high, people just moved onto something else.

Other drugs have been in the pipeline since the banning of mephedrone. NRG-1, or naphyrone, a stimulant chemically similar to mephedrone, was banned two months after mephedrone on the same grounds. “Ivory Wave” was the latest legal high to hit the headlines in August, though no-one’s really sure what it is. Producing intense euphoria but with a vicious comedown, some test samples have discovered MDPV, or methylenedioxypyrovalerone, a cathinone which was banned at the same time as mephedrone. Mephedrone itself was banned shortly after the well-publicised proscription of GBL, BZP and Spice last December. So with those out the way, we can just wait for the next legal high, and the next one, and the cycle of discovery-use-popularity-ban can continue.

 The Chemists are Winning: The Rise of Mephedrone and Legal Highs

The only drug that will kill you if you follow the instructions.

Of course, in the excitement of talking about the dangers of mephedrone and Ivory Wave and the next deadly designer drug that will come along, people forget about the most lethal legal highs, simply because they are embedded into our culture: alcohol and tobacco. Tim Hollis, the serving Chief Constable of Humberside Police and chair of the Association of Chief Police Officers’ drugs committee is currently the most senior police officer to call for the decriminalisation of possession of drugs for personal use. His greatest concern, however, was not illegal drugs. “My personal belief in terms of sheer scale of harm is that one of the most dangerous drugs in this country is alcohol. Alcohol is a lawful drug. Likewise, nicotine is a lawful drug, but cigarettes can kill,” he said. “There is a wider debate on the impacts to our community about all aspects of drugs, of which illicit drugs are one modest part.” The facts bear Hollis out: 25,000 people are killed a year by alcohol-related illnesses, and 106,000 people from smoking. By contrast 3000 people a year die as a result of all illegal drugs combined, including 10 from ecstasy every year, and precisely none whatsoever from mephedrone, LSD, or even cannabis, the most widely used illegal drug in the UK. Despite strictly regulating advertising, taxation, and labelling, however, no government has sought to ban either alcohol or tobacco.

Guinness Toucan ad The Chemists are Winning: The Rise of Mephedrone and Legal Highs

An advertising campaign for Guiness in the 1940s.

It seems likely that the endless government attempts to ban every drug that is sold for recreational use will continue to push users into more and more unknown, and therefore more dangerous, drugs. The research done on the more conventional street drugs, such as ecstasy and LSD, now fills whole libraries – more recent research is even starting to turn up medicinal uses for drugs that have previously been the exclusive remit of trippers. LSD, for example, was discovered in 2006 to be unexpectedly effective at curing cluster headaches, an condition where sufferers can have headaches painful and debilitating that some have committed suicide. It seems unlikely that LSD will be available on prescription anytime soon; however, through long study and, yes, usage, science has determined that LSD is safe and in some cases, useful. The same can not be said about mephedrone or any of the legal highs.

The race between amateur chemists to develop new designer drugs that exist just outside the law and the government to try to ban them without any understanding of their long-term effects and use has now been running for forty years – and the chemists are winning. But as recreational users are pushed more and more onto drugs about which we know less and less, a better question than “Who are the winners?” might be “Who are the losers?”

20drugs The Chemists are Winning: The Rise of Mephedrone and Legal Highs

A graph of relative harms of common drugs produced by Professor David Nutt.

News reports:

  • Cuts prompt police to call for debate on drugs and redirect resources
  • Ivory Wave: The new meow meow?
  • Banned mephedrone cleared of blame for two deaths
  • Ban on NRG-1 ‘legal high’ recommended by drug advisers
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    UMSU Students for Sensible Drug Policy – Chair’s Report 09-10

    Wednesday, June 23rd, 2010

    SSDPBanner UMSU Students for Sensible Drug Policy   Chairs Report 09 10

    Manchester Students for Sensible Drug Policy’s second year has been hard work, but enjoyable. We have gained members, developed leaflets, posters, and other materials, and held events, training sessions, stalls, and socials. We have succeeded in holding some kind of meeting or event almost every week of term, with varying degrees of success.

    Our greatest success this year has undoubtedly been the campus-wide awareness of SSDP and what we do. The number of emails I have had regarding the society has been steady and we have gained a number of new members through the union website membership form, so they must be finding us somehow. We have also been approached for numerous joint events and support, and it has been extremely heart-warming to stand on a stall and have 1 in 10 of the people we talk to already on the mailing list or who have attended one of our events. I hope we can continue this awareness raising next year as well.

    Our greatest failure has been an inability to get together promotion on time. Although an improvement on last year (we actually managed to produce posters this year), our inexperience and somewhat chaotic approach led to a very haphazard promotion strategy which did not pay off well. We have experimented with new methods of promotion, including Facebook ads and will continue to do so. Our primary goal as an organisation next year is to get this sorted.

    Activities

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    Throughout the year, we have held a wide range of events, alone and in collusion with others. It seems likely that we will continue some which have now become fixtures in our calendar, such as a termly film showing with Openmedia and a presence at Pangaea, and some will be rethinking in order to be more successful. Also throughout the term, we have put forward a motion committing the union to campaign on drug law reform to most General Meetings; this was never debated due to a failure to reach quorum this year – however, the effort we put into promoting the motion has resulted in several SSDP activists coming to General Meetings, which has been excellent.

    This term we launched our newsletter, “War on People”. Although a great success among those who read it, its production severely overran the budget allocated to it and although we sold advertising to another society, Free Culture, our print run of 200 copies still cost £300. Copies have been distributed to other chapters all across the UK, and have been popular. Having learned from the lessons of our first attempt, we will be producing our second issue in time for Freshers with a view to going half-termly.

    Also this term, we held two awareness weeks. Elephant in the Room week was our generic week to raise awareness of drug law reform. Although struck down by numerous problems and the unexpected cancellation of our main speaker, it was nonetheless quite fun, and we received extremely positive feedback from those who participated (although people were near unanimous that the name must be changed next year). Mephedrone Week was hastily organised in response to the criminalisation of mephedrone in April. Largely organised entirely by our Events Officer, we held some stalls, gave out leaflets containing information and safety advice on mephedrone and held a talk at the end of the week with a local speaker from Lifeline on the topic. It was low-key, but I think very successful.

    Things left over from last term: the drugs guide is now complete but has been awaiting legal approval for some months. If anyone has legal expertise on drugs, we would be very, very grateful for a proofreader. The first aid workshops ground to a halt because of the convener’s commitments, but we have found a new teacher for next year. We are also planning to push ahead with our schools programme, hopefully through gaining and training volunteers through the Manchester Leadership Programme, although that is a very tentative plan at the moment.

    Membership

    4628785775 43369f75d8 UMSU Students for Sensible Drug Policy   Chairs Report 09 10

    This year we recruited nearly 250 people onto our mailing list at Freshers Fair, and have been signing people up throughout the year. Our current mailing list is just under 300 and our Facebook group just over – allowing for overlap I would say that it is not unlikely that we are in regular contact with about 400-450 people through email, Facebook events, and stalls, which puts us somewhere in the top 40 student societies at UMSU. This is somewhat lower than I had anticipated in my interim report – however, the larger part of this can be put down to the accidental loss of over 80 email addresses at the January Pangaea stall and misplanning for Elephant in the Room Week which led to much shorter stalls than intended.

    SSDP was also much more active this year in involving other people, although we did not achieve as much as we would have liked to in this area. Our Executive expanded dramatically from four to fourteen, although it must be admitted that some roles we created have not been as useful as we hoped and these have been duly scrapped. We’ve had greater commitment from a larger pool of semi-regular activists, several of whom have come from outside the main friendship circle of the society, which has been very gratifying. We have, however, accidentally lost several other potential members because of insularity and this is also something which should be addressed next year.

    Our demographic remains broad, with a good mix of first, second and third years, which bodes well for our future. I have tried hard to ensure that financial hardship is not a barrier to participation in SSDP, but we have much further to go in that respect.

    Finances and Equipment

    4628783959 cae03278fe UMSU Students for Sensible Drug Policy   Chairs Report 09 10

    This year we achieved full funding of £750, as well as claiming £270 in the first semester for first aid equipment and £300 for newsletters in the second. We have so far spent approximately two thirds of our regular budget, and one of my remaining tasks as Chair for this year is to invest in more materials for Freshers and other items with a view to next year.

    In terms of equipment, this year we have acquired a projector to avoid the exorbitant costs of hiring union equipment, and have also bought a table and a gazebo. We also have access to a bike trailer, trolley, barbecue, megaphone, and numerous other pieces of equipment that will come in handy next year.

    We are also very rich in resources. We currently have several thousand badges for Release and SSDP UK, numerous “nice people take drugs” wristbands, a wide selection of harm reduction literature and a reasonable supply of everything Transform has ever written. We also have in stock nearly a thousand condoms for future distribution on stalls. We do need to get more stickers, banners and develop a new leaflet, but this will happen. We will also need to get a new batch of Release bust-cards, as we get through hundreds of the damn things faster than a new-forged sword through a pat of butter.

    As Chair

    Me looking smart at SSDP Conference 300x199 UMSU Students for Sensible Drug Policy   Chairs Report 09 10

    I mentioned in my interim report that I intended to continue to decentralise the work required to keep Manchester SSDP running. This process continued this term, with our Events Officer Andi Sidwell taking on most of the events-related work this term, which they organised with great aplomb. Kudos also has to go to our newsletter editors, Alasdair Sladen and Luke Taylor, for the hard work they put into producing War on People with very little input for me (though perhaps I should have had more input into the budget… :P). Thanks also to our Treasurer and Secretary, Jesse White and Robi Folkard, for their quiet but consistent contribution to our organisation. James Jackson, our Promotions Officer this year, didn’t do a lot as Promotions Officer, but has turned up to most of our stalls, put up a great defence against the Debating Union in our joint event with them, and gave a popular workshop at our training weekend on Stop and Search powers. Our stalls this year also could not have happened without the hours spent on them by everyone above and Mo Saqib, Benji Starr, Ste Monaghan, Miles Battye, Jess Bradley, Dan Fahey and Chris Loh. I may be amazing, but without everyone helping out this year we simply wouldn’t have got as much stuff done.

    As Chair, I have continued to handle the majority of our paperwork, correspondence, communication work and interviews. I have tweaked the design of the weekly email and developed our Facebook group to be more useful. I also organised an activist training weekend which saw 7 different chapters represented to learn about running a chapter, campaigning, and effective tabling. I have continued to contribute to the long-term strategic planning on the national organisation in my capacity as a member of the Board of Directors, and recently published a 6,000 word three part guide to Running an SSDP Society, with the third part due to be published in February next year, as well as developing an activist tool-kit with a variety of resources that I have developed and acquired during my time as Chair.

    The Future

    SSDPBanner UMSU Students for Sensible Drug Policy   Chairs Report 09 10

    I am stepping down as Chair this year, as I am taking a year out and it seems inappropriate to continue as head of a student organisation while not a student. Following our AGM, Andi Sidwell, previously both Events Officer and Secretary of Manchester SSDP, will be taking on the role. I wish them the greatest of luck with it and hope they will keep the flame of drug law reform burning on our campus. I have no idea what I will be doing, and await my performance review with interest. :)

    In my remaining months in office, I will be finishing off the remaining business of our society this year – ordering materials, writing cheques, and re-registering the society and booking our Freshers’ stall. Along with Andi, I will be conducting soon-to-be-entitled-something-other-than-the-somewhat-scary-sounding-performance-reviews with all our regular activists to get more detailed feedback on how our membership feels about our direction and where they want to contribute. It is a time-consuming process, but a very rewarding one. Together we have been writing an SSDP Year Plan 10/11 which collates all the feedback we have received from the ongoing evaluations over the past year to ensure successes are repeated and failures overcome. This will be followed by an ubermeeting to plan our calendar for next year, which I believe Andi wishes to be open to all who wish to participate. And finally, I would like to organise a summer social over July/August for any activists left in Manchester before we start badgering people to stand on Freshers’ stalls.

    I remain, as ever, open to the interests and suggestions of our membership. Our society has been largely built upon the systematic nicking of ideas from every society, organisation and individual willing to offer them, and I believe we have benefited greatly as a result of the mistakes and knowledge of others. Long may it continue.

    Sarah McCulloch

    Outgoing Chair

    SSDPBanner UMSU Students for Sensible Drug Policy   Chairs Report 09 10

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    Miffed Letter: re “Fife woman dies after taking ‘bubbles’”

    Thursday, January 28th, 2010

    Sent to The Courier after the publication of this article about a Fife resident who died in connection with mephedrone:

    “Dear Sir/Madam,

    the recent spate of hospitalisations of people who have suffered medical emergencies after taking mephedrone, also known as mcat or bubbles, is a matter of great concern. However, I was troubled by the comment from Chief Superintendent Alistair McKeen that people should not try legal highs because they are unresearched. Indeed, there is very little, if any scientific research done on mephedrone and no-one has any idea of its long-term effects on the human body, although early signs suggest it is worse than ketamine or MDMA. But the reason people are taking mephedrone over ketamine and MDMA is because our government has made those two drugs illegal.

    So instead of encouraging people to take care of their health and to ensure that whatever they do to their own bodies they do so in as safe a manner as possible, our drugs laws are actively encouraging people to take untested, unknown substances over well-researched chemicals that are objectively less lethal than horse-riding. This is a ludicrous situation to be in. We must cease our moralising as a nation and treat drug use as the health issue that it is instead of an excuse to lock up hedonists and the emotionally vulnerable.

    Yours faithfully,

    Sarah McCulloch

    External Relations Director
    Students for Sensible Drug Policy UK
    http://www.ssdp.org.uk”

    See also this very interesting analysis from Liberalconspiracy.org about the media frenzy on mephedrone and how it’s factually dodgy: “The press and impossibility of legal highs“. Keep watching the press on this issue.

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    Interview with Ewan Hoyle of Liberal Democrats for Drug Policy Reform

    Tuesday, January 12th, 2010

    An interview by Andi Sidwell with Ewan Hoyle, founder of the Liberal Democrats for Drug Policy Reform, at the Students for Sensible Drug Policy UK National Conference 2009. Listen carefully and you can hear me walking down the corridor behind them talking, um, rather loudly. :)

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